Renewable Energy Sources

2月 11, 2015

Green Energy: Examining Their Effects on Heritage Sites and Climate Change Mitigation

Read  full  paper  at：http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53916#.VNsO9yzQrzE

The damage which brought about global warming and climate change to heritage sites is more or less immutable. However, further deterioration could be slowed, if not stopped, with the patronization of green energy. Three sources of green energy, namely solar power, wind power, and hydropower were discussed in this research. Their indirect role in preserving heritage sites was examined and their cumulative effects on mitigating climate change were also cited. Results showed that the climate might have been continually changing for the past thousands of years. The effects of climate change and global warming on the arctic ice, carbon dioxide concentration, sea levels, global surface temperature and land ice status were undeniable. These factors greatly contributed to the deterioration of the preservation of world heritage sites.

Cite this paper

Al-Zubaidy, M. (2015) Green Energy: Examining Their Effects on Heritage Sites and Climate Change Mitigation. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 5, 39-52. doi: 10.4236/ojce.2015.51005.

References

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http://www.nasa.gov/topics/Earth/features/2012-temps.html                    eww150211lx
1月 6, 2015

Control System Development and Test for the Operation of a Micro-Grid System—PART II

Read  full  paper  at:

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52883#.VKtPgsnQrzE

ABSTRACT

This paper presents experimental development and performance testing of an active power controller for stable and reliable operation of a micro-grid system. In order to achieve accurate and fast power balance in a micro-grid system that contains renewable energy sources, power in the system has to be regulated continuously. Such an objective can be achieved using droop based alternating current control technique. Because the droop characteristic employed into the developed controller initiates to determine the power deviation in the system which is continuously regulated by controlling the current flow into dump power resistors. The designed controller is tested and validated using a micro-grid prototype in the laboratory environment for stand-alone mode of operation under various operating conditions. The key development in the micro-grid prototype is the development of a wind turbine simulator. A dSPACE ds1104 DSP board is used to implement and interface the designed controller with the micro-grid system. The experimental investigation of the developed controller presents the significant capability to achieve continuous power balance in the micro-grid system, while it maintains stable and reliable operation of the system. Finally, the power quality of the isolated micro-grid system is presented and discussed under the operation of the developed controller.

Cite this paper

Ahshan, R. , Iqbal, M. , Mann, G. and Quaicoe, J. (2014) Control System Development and Test for the Operation of a Micro-Grid System—PART II. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 5, 302-313. doi: 10.4236/sgre.2014.512027.

References

[1] Mahat, P., Chen, Z. and Bak-Jensen, B. (2010) Under Frequency Load Shedding for an Islanded Distribution System with Distributed Generators. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 25, 911-918.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2032327
[2] Katiraei, F. and Iravani, M. (2006) Power Management Strategies for a Micro-Grid With Multiple Distributed Generation Units. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 21, 1821-1831.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2006.879260
[3] Lasseter, R.H. (2002) Micro-Grids. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, New York, January 2002, 305308.
[4] Lasseter, R.H., Eto, J.H., Schenkman, B., Stevens, J., Vollkommer, H., Klapp, D., Linton, E., Hurtado, H. and Roy, J. (2011) CERTS Micro-Grid Laboratory Test Bed. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 26, 325-332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2051819
[5] Ahn, S., Park, J., Chung, I., Moon, S., Kang, S. and Nam, S. (2010) Power-Sharing Method of Multiple Distributed Generators Considering Control Modes and Configurations of a Micro-Grid. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 25, 2007-2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2047736
[6] Ribeiro, L.A.deS., Saavedra, O.R., Lima, S.L.de. and Matos, J.G.de. (2011) Isolated Micro-Grids with Renewable Hybrid Generation: The Case of Lenis Island. IEEE Transaction on Sustainable Energy, 2, 1-11.
[7] Georgakis, D., Papathanasiou, S.A., Hatziargyriou, N., Engler, A. and Hardt, Ch. (2004) Operation of a Prototype Micro-Grid System Based on Micro-Sources Equipped with Fast-Acting Power Electronics Interfaces. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 4, 2521-2526.
[8] Kojima, Y., Koshio, M., Nakamura, S., Maejima, H., Fujioka, Y. and Goda, T. (2007) A Demonstration Project in Hachinohe: Micro-Grid with Private Distribution Line. IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, San Antonio, 16-18 April 2007, 1-6.
[9] Katiraei, F. and Iravani, M.R. (2005) Transients of a Micro-Grid System with Multiple Distributed Energy Resources. International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST’05), Montreal, 19-23 June 2005, Paper No. IPST05-080.
[10] Katiraei, F., Iravani, M.R. and Lehn, P.W. (2005) Micro-Grid Autonomous Operation during and Subsequent to Islanding Process. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 20, 248-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2004.835051
[11] Shahabi, M., Haghifam, M.R., Mohamadian, M. and Nabavi-Niaki, S.A. (2009) Microgrid Dynamic Performance Improvement Using a Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generator. IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, 24, 137-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2008.2006556
[12] Majumder, R., Ghosh, A., Ledwich, G. and Zare, F. (2009) Load Sharing and Power Quality Enhanced Operation of a Distributed Micro-Grid. ET Renewable Power Generation, 3, 109-119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg:20080001                                                                      eww150105lx
[13] Ahshan, R., Iqbal, M.T., Mann, G.K.I. and Quaicoe, J.E. (2014) Control System Development and Test for the Operation of a Micro-Grid System—PART I. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Journal, 5, 291-301.
12月 11, 2014

Control System Development and Test for the Operation of a Micro-Grid System—PART I

Read  full  paper  at:

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52131#.VIkKwMnQrzE

ABSTRACT

This paper presents design, analysis and simulation performance of an active power controller for stable and reliable operation of a micro-grid system. Power balance between generation and consumer is a critical issue for stable and reliable operation of the micro-grid systems. This issue becomes more critical when a micro-grid system contains stochastic nature distributed generations such as wind and solar because their output power changes non-uniformly. In order to achieve accurate and fast power balance in such a micro-grid system, power in the system has to be regulated continuously. Such an objective can be achieved using droop based alternating current control technique. Because the droop characteristic employed into the developed controller initiates determining the power deviation in the system which is continuously regulated by controlling the current flow into dump power resistors. The designed controller is simulated for the operation of a micro-grid system in stand-alone mode under various operating conditions. The simulated results show the ability of the developed controller for stable and reliable operation of the micro-grid that contains renewable sources. The experimental development of the micro-grid system and the testing of the developed active power controller are presented in PART II of this paper.

Cite this paper

Ahshan, R. , Iqbal, M. , Mann, e. and Quaicoe, J. (2014) Control System Development and Test for the Operation of a Micro-Grid System—PART I. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 5, 291-301. doi: 10.4236/sgre.2014.512026.

References

[1] Mahat, P., Chen, Z. and Bak-Jensen, B. (2010) Under Frequency Load Shedding for an Islanded Distribution System with Distributed Generators. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 25, 911-918.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2032327
[2] Katiraei, F. and Iravani, M. (2006) Power Management Strategies for a Micro-Grid with Multiple Distributed Generation Units. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 21, 1821-1831.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2006.879260
[3] Lasseter, R.H. (2002) Micro-Grids. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, New York, January 2002, 305-308.
[4] Lasseter, R.H., Eto, J.H., Schenkman, B., Stevens, J., Vollkommer, H., Klapp, D., Linton, E., Hurtado, H. and Roy, J. (2011) CERTS Micro-Grid Laboratory Test Bed. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 26, 325-332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2051819
[5] Ahn, S., Park, J., Chung, I., Moon, S., Kang, S. and Nam, S. (2010) Power-Sharing Method of Multiple Distributed Generators Considering Control Modes and Configurations of a Micro-Grid. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 25, 2007-2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2047736
[6] Ribeiro, L.A.de.S., Saavedra, O.R., Lima, S.L. and Matos, J.G.de. (2011) Isolated Micro-Grids with Renewable Hybrid Generation: The Case of Lenis Island. IEEE Transaction on Sustainable Energy, 2, 1-11.
[7] Georgakis, D., Papathanasiou, S.A., Hatziargyriou, N., Engler, A. and Hardt, Ch. (2004) Operation of a Prototype Micro-Grid System Based on Micro-Sources Equipped with Fast-Acting Power Electronics Interfaces. IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 4, 2521-2526.
[8] Kojima, Y., Koshio, M., Nakamura, S., Maejima, H., Fujioka, Y. and Goda, T. (2007) A Demonstration Project in Hachinohe: Micro-Grid with Private Distribution Line. IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, San Antonio, 16-18 April 2007, 1-6.
[9] Katiraei, F. and Iravani, M.R. (2005) Transients of a Micro-Grid System with Multiple Distributed Energy Resources. International Conference on Power Systems Transients, Montreal, 19-23 June 2005, Paper No. IPST05-080.
[10] Katiraei, F., Iravani, M.R. and Lehn, P.W. (2005) Micro-Grid Autonomous Operation during and Subsequent to Islanding Process. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 20, 248-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2004.835051
[11] Shahabi, M., Haghifam, M.R., Mohamadian, M. and Nabavi-Niaki, S.A. (2009) Microgrid Dynamic Performance Improvement Using a Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generator. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 24, 137-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2008.2006556
[12] Majumder, R., Ghosh, A., Ledwich, G. and Zare, F. (2009) Load Sharing and Power Quality Enhanced Operation of a Distributed Micro-Grid. IET Renewable Power Generation, 3, 109-119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg:20080001
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