Day: 10月 16, 2014

10月 16, 2014

Reducing Participation Bias in Case-Control Studies: Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Stroke in Adults

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48508#.VD9_ZFfHRK0

ABSTRACT

Background: Case-control studies have been used extensively in determining the aetiology of rare diseases. However, case-control studies often suffer from participation bias in the control group, resulting in biased odds ratios that cause problems with interpretation. Participation bias can be hard to detect and is often ignored. Methods: Population data can be used in place of the possibly biased control group, to investigate whether participation bias may have affected the results in previous studies, or in place of controls in future studies. We demonstrate this approach by reanalysing and comparing the results of two case-control studies: Type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire children and stroke in Indian adults. Findings: Using population data to represent the control groups reduced the width of the confidence intervals given in the original studies and confirmed the findings for the two diabetes risk factors used; caesarean birth (odds ratio (OR) = 2.12 (1.53, 2.95) compared with 1.84 (1.09, 3.10)) and amniocentesis (OR = 3.38 (2.09, 5.47) compared with 3.85 (1.34, 11.04)). The three stroke risk factors investigated were found to have increased odds ratios when using population data; hypertension (OR = 5.645 (5.639, 5.650) compared with 3.807 (2.114, 6.856)), diabetes (OR = 12.212 (12.200, 12.224) compared with 3.473 (1.757, 6.866)) and smoking (OR = 5.701 (5.696, 5.707) compared with 2.242 (1.255, 4.005)). Interpretation: Participation bias can greatly affect the results of a study and cause some potential risk factors to be over-or underestimated. This approach allows previous studies to be investigated for participation bias and presents an alternative to a control group in future studies, while improving precision.

Cite this paper

Keeble, C. , Barber, S. , Baxter, P. , Parslow, R. and Law, G. (2014) Reducing Participation Bias in Case-Control Studies: Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Stroke in Adults. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 4, 129-134. doi: 10.4236/ojepi.2014.43018.

References

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10月 16, 2014

TiO2 Films Synthesis over Polypropylene by Sol-Gel Assisted with Hydrothermal Treatment for the Photocatalytic Propane Degradation

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48507#.VD9_Y1fHRK0

ABSTRACT

The present investigation shows experimental results obtained with TiO2 thin films synthesized by the sol-gel method assisted with hydrothermal treatment over polypropylene, using the dip coating technique. Obtained coatings were characterized through SEM, XRD, UV-Vis and the photo- catalytic activity was monitored by GC. According to results, the hydrothermal treatment facilitates the crystallization of the TiO2 anatase phase, which is present in all synthesized films. Crystal size formed from precursor solutions (estimated by the Scherrer’s equation) depends on the time and temperature of the hydrothermal treatment, wherein solution exposed to a higher temperature treatment of 150。C for 1.5 h (H150/1.5) exhibited a larger crystal size compared to those synthesized at 80。C for 1.5 h and 3 h (H80/1.5 and H80/3). Sample H150/1.5 over polypropylene resulted in a uniform and crack free coating. This behavior was attributed to the precursor solution being denser than those synthesized at 80。C. Additionally, the photocatalytic activity of the coatings was evaluated through the degradation of propane. Coating H150/1.5 reached 100% conversion after 3 h of UV light irradiation.

Cite this paper

Guzmán-Velderrain, V. , Ortega López, Y. , Salinas Gutiérrez, J. , López Ortiz, A. and H. Collins-Martínez, V. (2014) TiO2 Films Synthesis over Polypropylene by Sol-Gel Assisted with Hydrothermal Treatment for the Photocatalytic Propane Degradation. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 4, 120-132. doi: 10.4236/gsc.2014.43017.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6439-6                                                                              eww141016lx
10月 16, 2014

Quito Municipal Schools—Cohort Study: Self-Perception of Body Image and Factors Related with It

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48506#.VD98XlfHRK0

ABSTRACT

Self-perception of body image is one factor to be considered when planning and performing preventive initiatives and interventions in childhood and adolescence. The aim of this study was to analyse self-perception of body image in relation to body-mass index, physical inactivity, not eating breakfast, dieting, smoking and alcohol consumption or toxic habits. Materials and Methods: using data from the “Quito municipal schools” cohort study 6964 students aged from 9 to 17 years were described using a multivariate log linear model of the multidimensional table generated by the variables. A logistic regression model was then fitted to assess associations via OR. Results: 8.2% perceived themselves as overweight. Of those subjects overweight according to their BMI, 21.8% perceived themselves as such, while among those not overweight according to BMI, 96.8% considered themselves as slim or of normal weight. Among students who were dieting, 15.1% perceived themselves as overweight. Among those pupils who perceived themselves has having excess weight, the most common reasons for dieting were: lose weight (56.8%), be healthier (22.6%), and maintain current weight (8.4%). Self-perception of excess weight interacts with excess weight (ORadjusted 8.42; CI95% 6.92-10.25), no breakfast (ORadjusted 2.83; CI95% 2.13-3.77), diet (ORadjusted 2.38; CI95% 1.95-2.89), and with all the variables except toxic habits (ORadjusted 1.01; CI95%0.78 a 1.29). Conclusion: Interventions to prevent obesity in childhood and adolescence ought to take account of specific determinants within the personal, behavioural and socio-environmental factors, such as the promotion of a positive body image.

Cite this paper

Romero-Sandoval, N. , Flores, O. , Egas, C. , Villamar, G. , Larrea, Z. , Cruz, M. , Icaza, L. and Martín, M. (2014) Quito Municipal Schools—Cohort Study: Self-Perception of Body Image and Factors Related with It. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 4, 122-128. doi: 10.4236/ojepi.2014.43017.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2013.34028                                                                                     eww141016lx
10月 16, 2014

The Social Conditions in the Genesis of Preeclampsia

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48505#.VD98W1fHRK0

ABSTRACT

This article highlights the importance of preeclampsia as a global public health problem and the lack of a satisfactory model to explain its genesis. Scientific advances relevant to the placental pathophysiology, which have resulted in a deeper understanding of the immunological mechanisms associated to preeclampsia and have been translated into better treatment options, are also highlighted, although to date these approaches cannot explain the origin of the disease. From a theoretical approach underpinned by the concepts related to the social determinants of the health, and specifically from current psychosocial epidemiology, an alternative approach that gives account for the genesis of preeclampsia is proposed. The proposal is based in the scientific literature as well as in the work of the authors; it takes as references unfavorable socioeconomic and psychosocial conditions in pregnant women, linking these conditions to a series of failed adaptive biological processes closely related to an ineffective allostatic response by the body, which ultimately determines the occurrence of the disease.

Cite this paper

Salvador-Moysén, J. , Martínez-López, Y. , Ramírez-Aranda, J. , Aguilar-Durán, M. and Reyes-Romero, M. (2014) The Social Conditions in the Genesis of Preeclampsia. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 4, 115-121. doi: 10.4236/ojepi.2014.43016.

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10月 16, 2014

An Efficient and Green Route to Synthesize Azo Compounds through Methyl Nitrite

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48504#.VD98VVfHRK0

ABSTRACT

A clean preparation of aryl diazonium ions using methyl nitrite is described. Further reaction of the aryl diazonium ions with substituted benzenamine, substituted phenol and nathphol in deferent kinds of diazotization has been developed. In order to improve the water-solubility of the products, azo coupling reactions of sodium sulfanilate hydrochloride diazonium ions were also performed. The procedures are easy operations, environmentally benign conditions and high yields of the products with potential use as azo-dyes and pigments. Furthermore, no nitrous acid is produced during the diazotization which avoided the formation of dark decomposition products of the corresponding aromatic amine. Proposed mechanism is presented according to our procedure.

Cite this paper

Cai, K. , He, H. , Chang, Y. and Xu, W. (2014) An Efficient and Green Route to Synthesize Azo Compounds through Methyl Nitrite. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 4, 111-119. doi: 10.4236/gsc.2014.43016.

References

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10月 16, 2014

Avoiding the Will O’ the Wisp: Challenges in Measuring High Levels of Immunization Coverage with Precision

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48503#.VD98U1fHRK0

ABSTRACT

There have been tremendous improvements in immunization coverage since the Expanded Programme on Immunization was launched. We highlight inherent challenges in measuring immunization coverage with precision as coverage levels increase due to the sensitivity of coverage to the accuracy of target population estimates. In fact, when comparing across groups at high levels of coverage, error in target population estimates can obscure differences in immunization coverage.

Cite this paper

Brown, D. , Burton, A. , Feeney, G. and Gacic-Dobo, M. (2014) Avoiding the Will O’ the Wisp: Challenges in Measuring High Levels of Immunization Coverage with Precision. World Journal of Vaccines, 4, 97-99. doi: 10.4236/wjv.2014.43012.

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10月 16, 2014

Effect of V-Ti on the Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Behavior of 6CrC Cast Steel Mill Balls

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48502#.VD98UFfHRK0

ABSTRACT

Iron-chromium cast alloys are basically abrasive wear resistant materials particularly employed in mining industry; these alloys are often utilized in the manufacture of milling balls. In particular, high Cr and high C cast alloys have been subjected of significant research; for instance, most reports have been addressed on analyzing the relation between microstructure and the abrasive wear behavior; however, there exist a reduced number of reports on relatively low Cr and low C cast alloys. In this research, five low Cr cast steels containing additions of V and Ti were melted in an open atmosphere induction furnace. Comparisons on the morphology, size, type and distribution of carbides were carried through optical microscopy, SEM and XRD. Hardness testing was employed at room temperature with the purpose of correlate to wear behavior. A laboratory pilotplant ball-mill set with a batch of ore was utilized in order to evaluate the abrasive wear resistance. According to microstructure observations, a martensitic primary matrix was revealed in all specimens. The fraction of M7C3 and M3C interdendritic eutectic carbides varied according to alloying level. Further results indicated that variations in the shape and size of M7C3 and M3C along with the presence of V and Ti carbides influenced on the abrasive wear behavior of low Cr cast steel mill balls.

Cite this paper

Maldonado-Ruiz, S. , Orozco-González, P. , Baltazar-Hernández, V. , Bedolla-Jacuinde, A. and Hernández-Rodríguez, M. (2014) Effect of V-Ti on the Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Behavior of 6CrC Cast Steel Mill Balls. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2, 383-391. doi: 10.4236/jmmce.2014.25043.

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10月 16, 2014

Mineralogical Horizon (A) Evaluation of a Toposequence of Soils Derived from Basalt by Thermal Analysis

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48501#.VD95iFfHRK0

ABSTRACT

Thermogravimetry (TG) is a technique where the mass change of a substance is evaluated in function of temperature or time at a constant temperature while submitted to a controlled program in a specific environment. The minerals obtained from a clay fraction are highly susceptible to significant changes in composition as a response to thermal processes in function of temperature or dynamic as a function of time at a constant temperature. Thermogravimetric curves (TG) show mass changes preferentially during the heating processes. The DTG curve derived from the TG curve, shows changes in the inclination that are not exposed in the TG curve. DTG curve thus can show higher values of mass loss which are associated to an elevated degree of weathering for those reactions which involve mass changes, such as desorption, dehydration and reactions of dehydroxilation, observed in clay fraction without iron oxide-hydroxide, indicating kaolinite as a dominant mineral, with higher value 70.97% of the fraction to soil class LVdf.

Cite this paper

Peternele, W. and da Costa, A. (2014) Mineralogical Horizon (A) Evaluation of a Toposequence of Soils Derived from Basalt by Thermal Analysis. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2, 374-382. doi: 10.4236/jmmce.2014.25042.

References

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10月 16, 2014

Potentials of Bambusa vulgaris Grown in Southeast Nigeria for the Manufacture of Wood-Cement Composite Panels

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48500#.VD95hVfHRK0

ABSTRACT

In this work, the potentials of Bambusa vulgaris grown in southeast Nigeria for the manufacture of wood-cement composite panels were studied. Representative culms of Bambusa vulgaris were collected from a 4-year-old stand at lower Anambra river basin, southeast, Nigeria. Fiber morphological properties and proximate chemical analysis were determined in accordance with the provisions of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industries (TAPPI, 1998). Fiber slenderness ratio was 160.95:1, component solubility of 3.09, 5.60, and 19.8 percent for cold water soak for 24 hrs; hot water soak at 80°C for 1 hr, and 1% NaOH soak for 24 hrs respectively. Composite panels were made at 1200 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3 density levels with flakes of different soak treatments (untreated/control; cold water soak for 24 hrs; water at 80°C soak for 1 hr and 1% NaOH soak for 24 hrs) at variable cement/B. vulgaris mix ratios (1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1 and 3:1 wt/wt) with 3% CaCl2 as accelerator applied to the wood furnish before cement mixing. Prepared furnish was subjected to initial pre-pressing of 0.5 N/mm2 and final consolidation of 1.4 N/mm2 retained for 24 hrs. Panels were sampled and tested after 28 days for Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) in bending and for water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) due to a 24-hr water soak. Test was in accordance with provisions of American Standard for Testing of Materials (ASTM-1998). Properties ranged from a low of 25.00 to 75.45 N/mm2 for MOR; 4128 to 15,065 N/mm2 for MOE; 15.01 to 36.11 percent for WA and 3.04 to 12.72 percent for TA. Effect of production mix on properties was determined using factorial analysis. Except for composite density whose effect was not significant at 0.05% level, all production mix was found significant at 0.01% level at the second order level of interactions. All panels met minimum property requirements of American National Standard Institute 208-2-1994 and 208-1-1993, British Standard (BS 5669, 1979) and Malaysian Standard (MS 934, 1984).

Cite this paper

Onuorah, E. , Nnabuife, E. and Nwabanne, J. (2014) Potentials of Bambusa vulgaris Grown in Southeast Nigeria for the Manufacture of Wood-Cement Composite Panels. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2, 363-373. doi: 10.4236/jmmce.2014.25041.

References

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10月 16, 2014

The Relationship between Incorrect Restoration of the Joint Line and Lateral Knee Pain in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48499#.VD95gVfHRK0

ABSTRACT

Aim: In this study, the relationship between the change in the joint line and lateral knee pain was evaluated after primary total knee arthroplasty. Material and method: Between 2005 and 2012, patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty were included in the study. Patients having “cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty” and with a change of the joint line ≥8 mm and patients having “posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty” and with a change of the joint line ≥5 mm were selected as the study group (group 1, n = 32). A total of 47 patients having similar demographic characteristics with the study group and the joint line changing below the predetermined level or remaining unchanged were included as the control group (group 2). The 2 groups were compared according to the presence of knee pain, the localization and spread of the pain, iliotibial band, tension and pain in the patellar tendon and quadriceps tendon, front knee pain during squatting, VAS pain score, OBER test positivity, Knee Society knee and function score, and general patient satisfaction. Results: There were statistically significant more lateral knee pain (p < 0.001), OBER test positivity (p < 0.001) and iliotibial band tension (p < 0.001) in group 1 compared to group 2. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups regarding rest pain (p = 0.855), pain during squatting (p = 0.761), exertional pain (p = 0.322), pain in the patellar tendon (p = 0.643) and quadriceps tendon (p = 0.873), Knee Society knee (p = 0.954) and function (p = 0.955) scores, and general satisfaction (p = 0.968). Conclusion: In total knee prosthesis operations, distal displacement of the joint line can result in lateral knee pain and iliotibial band tension. However, considering the results of total knee arthroplasty our findings have showed that this condition has no effect on knee functions and patient satisfaction.

Cite this paper

Isik, C. , Dasar, U. , Tahta, M. , Cay, N. , Akmese, R. , Isik, D. and Bozkurt, M. (2014) The Relationship between Incorrect Restoration of the Joint Line and Lateral Knee Pain in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty. Open Journal of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases, 4, 138-145. doi: 10.4236/ojra.2014.43020.

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