2月 13, 2015

Genetically Targeted Fractionated Chemotherapy

Read full paper at:http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53967#.VN2pzyzQrzE

Complex and late stage cancer patients are in need of novel methods of selecting and administering chemotherapy particularly for those patients who are refractory to current treatment methods. The use of biomarkers to enhance decision making with regard to the molecular profile of a person’s cancer is becoming more important in the practice of oncology. The standard for the last several decades is to elect chemotherapeutic agents based on staging and histological identification of the primary cancer site alone versus utilizing the genetic and molecular profile information along with histological primary cancer site and staging to select chemotherapy regimens. Cancers are caused by mutations that occur within cells and therefore selecting treatment based on mutations and not primary cancer site alone can provide advantages that may have gone overlooked. As time progresses, more biomarkers continue to be discovered which can lead to more targets for drugs either currently on the market or clinical trials. In addition to advancements made in the progression of cancer treatment with utilizing molecular profiles effectively, there are other therapeutic strategies that have been postulated as advanced effective ways to administer chemotherapy. These strategies provide chemotherapy to patients while fasting, giving insulin or other biological response modifiers adjunctively prior to chemotherapy for enhanced targeting, and giving chemotherapy in micro-doses to allow for increased frequency of administration and the utilization of multiple targeted chemotherapeutic agents concurrently. In this paper we will discuss these topics and explain their benefits in addition to the evidence that supports these treatments. A review on biomarkers and cancer cell metabolism is discussed as it relates to providing a framework for what constitutes a biomarker in addition to what metabolic processes are related to fasting and administering insulin with chemotherapy. The information provided in this document is designed to illuminate and provide evidence for various methodologies that are underserved in the treatment of cancer.

KEYWORDS

Biomarkers, Molecular Profile, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Glycolysis, Insulin

Cite this paper

Smith, A. , Oertle, J. and Prato, D. (2015) Genetically Targeted Fractionated Chemotherapy. Journal of Cancer Therapy, 6, 182-198. doi: 10.4236/jct.2015.62021.

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2月 10, 2015

Two Grams BID Is an Oral Dosage of Vitamin C to Reduce the Risk of Recurrence of Superficial Bladder Carcinoma

Read full paper at:http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53879#.VNm_USzQrzE

Background: Continuous exposure to millimolar (mM) Vitamin C (AA) in vitro kills cancer cells. For superficial bladder carcinoma (SBC), standard chemotherapy is instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The recurrence rate with this therapy is 91%. But high dosage vitamins including AA reduced the recurrence to 41%. Aim: To determine the oral dosage of AA that causes the highest concentration of AA [AA] in the bladder. Method: We conducted a clinical trial of 14 people who took various dosages of AA, and analyzed the [AA] in their urine. Results: AA above 2 g twice a day was not absorbed. But that intake produced a bladder [AA] above 1 mM in all participants. Conclusion: Taking 2 g of AA BID will increase [AA] in the bladder to a level likely to kill cancer cells that cause SBC. Taking that dosage 2 consecutive days a week is likely to reduce the recurrence rate of SBC substantially.

KEYWORDS

Cancer, Vitamin C, LUTS, Superficial Bladder Carcinoma

Cite this paper

Folk, E. , Downs, T. and Ordman, A. (2015) Two Grams BID Is an Oral Dosage of Vitamin C to Reduce the Risk of Recurrence of Superficial Bladder Carcinoma. Journal of Cancer Therapy, 6, 169-176. doi: 10.4236/jct.2015.62019.

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2月 5, 2015

Cancer, Malnutrition and Cachexia: We Must Break the Triad

Read full paper at:http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53793#.VNMhYizQrzE

Many factors can modify nutritional status in cancer patients, including cachexia, nausea and vomiting, decreased caloric intake or oncologic treatments causing malabsorption. The cachexia-anorexia syndrome is a complex metabolic syndrome associated with cancer and some other palliative conditions characterized by involuntary weight loss involving fat and muscle, anorexia, early satiety, fatigue and weakness due to shifts in metabolism caused by tumour by-products and cytokines. Cachexia is a distressing and debilitating condition, affecting significant numbers of patients with advanced disease and is the primary cause of death in about 20% of all patients with cancer. Though cachexia is most commonly associated with particular tumours, such as head and neck, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, central nervous system and lung, it may affect any patient with any tumour at any site; no patient and no tumour are excluded. Current treatment for principally depends on its prevention rather than reversing the present disease state, and the clinical results are far from being satisfactory. A careful decision based on good clinical judgement is necessary before deciding to start either enteral or parenteral nutrition, to avoid a useless, costly and difficult treatment. Treatment should be directed toward improvement in the quality of life of the patient and should often include nutritional counseling. It should take into consideration both disease and treatment related factors as well as the cachexia syndrome itself.

KEYWORDS

Cancer, Malnutrition, Cachexia, Nutritional Support

Cite this paper

Suhag, V. , Sunita, B. , Sarin, A. and Singh, A. (2015) Cancer, Malnutrition and Cachexia: We Must Break the Triad. International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology, 4, 64-70. doi: 10.4236/ijmpcero.2015.41009.

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1月 22, 2015

The Association of Night Shift Work with the Development of Breast Cancer in Women

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53385#.VMBtkyzQrzE

Author(s)

P. I. J. Moukangoe, M. S. Jansen van Rensburg

Affiliation(s)

Independent Consultants, Johannesburg, South Africa.

ABSTRACT

Breast cancer is a serious public health concern in South Africa and globally. It is estimated that one in seven South Africans will develop cancer in their lifetime. According to a case-controlled study, 80% of cancer cases are thought to be due to external, non-inherited factors, which could potentially have been prevented. The objectives of the current case-control study were: 1) to determine the relationship between night shift work and the development of breast cancer; 2) to explore the relationship between night shift work and other types of cancer; 3) to explore any difference between night shift work and breast cancer, and night shift work and other types of cancer. A total of 106 research participants were selected using non-probability, convenience sampling methods and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Seventy-two (68%) of the women who were interviewed were black, while 32% (n = 35) were white. Of the 106 research participants, 82% (n = 87) had a history of being employed, while 18% (n = 19) had never been employed. Analysed data showed that 29% (n = 31) of the women had a history of working night shift. Of the 31 research participants who reported having worked night shift, 90% (n = 28) had actually done rotating shift work, rather than regular night shift work. The odds ratio of working night shift was found to be 1.24 (OR = 1.24, p = 0.615) higher in breast cancer research participants compared to research participants diagnosed with other types of cancer—odds ratio of 0.80 (p = 0.610). For rotational work, the OR was 1.445, indicating a higher risk than for shift work. It is recommended that the relationship between working night shift and breast cancer risk be explored further through cross-sectional and cohort studies.

KEYWORDS

Breast Cancer, Cancer, Night Shift, Rotating Shift, Regular Night Shift, Parity, Genetic Predisposition

Cite this paper

Moukangoe, P. and Jansen van Rensburg, M. (2015) The Association of Night Shift Work with the Development of Breast Cancer in Women. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 5, 14-21. doi: 10.4236/ojepi.2015.51003.

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[19]	Groot, M.T., Baltussen, R., Uyl-de Groot, C.A., Anderson, B.O. and Hortobagyi, G.N. (2005) Costs and Health Effects of Breast Cancer Interventions in Epidemiologically Different Regions of Africa, North America, and Asia. 2nd Biennial Global Summit Consensus Conference on International Breast Health Care, Bethesda, 12-15 January 2005, 581-590. eww150122lx

1月 20, 2015

Challenges in Cancer Care of Elderly

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53346#.VL3NKSzQrzE

Author(s)

Virender Suhag^1*, B. S. Sunita², Arti Sarin³, A. K. Singh⁴

Affiliation(s)

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Army Hospital (Research & Referral), Delhi, India.
²MD DNB Pathology, Base Hospital, Delhi, India.
³MD (Radiodiagnosis), DNB Radiation Oncology, Army Hospital (Research & Referral), Delhi, India.
⁴MD Radio-Diagnosis and Trained in Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Army Hospital (Research & Referral), Delhi, India.

ABSTRACT

As a result of vast global improvement of health care and living conditions, the world population is aging. In developed countries, more than half of the cancers occur in patients aged 70 and older. In booming Asian nations, such as India, the aging trend is particularly striking, and therefore geriatric oncology is rapidly coming at the foreground of oncology practice. As these patients have special needs and a different approach to treatment, there is a strong need for the emergence of geriatric oncology as a sub specialty in oncology. Scientific data show that a geriatric assessment identifies many problems in older people with cancer, adds prognostic information, and might improve the outcomes of these patients. There is a genuine unmet requirement to design and implement the following: development of individually tailored geriatric assessment tools for different oncology centers; cooperation of aging and cancer research in the understanding of cancer biology, aging and physiology; improved clinical study designs; development of geriatric oncology programs; and screening tools for geriatric patients made accessible to family physicians.

KEYWORDS

Geriatric Oncology, Geriatric Assessment, Aging, Cancer

Cite this paper

Suhag, V. , Sunita, B. , Sarin, A. and Singh, A. (2015) Challenges in Cancer Care of Elderly. International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology, 4, 25-31. doi: 10.4236/ijmpcero.2015.41004.

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1月 13, 2015

The Role of Soluble, Insoluble Fibers and Their Bioactive Compounds in Cancer: A Mini Review

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53072#.VLSWf8nQrzE

Author(s)

Dimitrios Papandreou, Zujaja Tul Noor, Maitha Rashed

Affiliation(s)

Department of Natural Sciences & Public Health, CSSH, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.

ABSTRACT

The cancer incidence has risen dramatically over the last decades. About 8 million people died globally according to latest reports, which represented almost 40% more than it was 20 years ago. Risk factors for the development of cancer have been found to include smoking, alcohol, drugs, obesity and diet. Fiber intake has shown to exhibit chemoprotective effects on cancer proliferation and metastasis that may seem to be very promising. This article will review the role of different types of fiber such as, cellulose, lignin, pectin and inulin in development and prevention of different types of cancers. This article would also discuss the effectiveness of both types of fiber in cancer prevention.

KEYWORDS

Fiber, Cancer, Insoluble, Soluble, Bioactive Compounds

Cite this paper

Papandreou, D. , Noor, Z. and Rashed, M. (2015) The Role of Soluble, Insoluble Fibers and Their Bioactive Compounds in Cancer: A Mini Review. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 1-11. doi: 10.4236/fns.2015.61001.

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1月 9, 2015

Chlorambucil Encapsulation into PLGA Nanoparticles and Cytotoxic Effects in Breast Cancer Cell

Read full paper at:

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53000#.VK9BqsnQrzE

Author(s)

Diego J. S. Dias^1,2, Graziella A. Joanitti³, Ricardo B. Azevedo², Luciano P. Silva⁴, Claure N. Lunardi^1,3, Anderson J. Gomes^1,3*

Affiliation(s)

¹School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
²Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
³Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
⁴Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, EMBRAPA, Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

The present work aimed to develop and evaluate a colloidal system composed of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) associated with chlorambucil (CHB) and its effects on cancer cells. The nanoparticles showed %EE (>92%), a mean particle size in the range of 240 to 334 nm and zeta potential of -16.7 to -26.0 mV. In vitro release profile showed a biphasic pattern, with an initial burst for all formulations. The scanning electron microscopy of CHB-nanoparticles showed regular spherical shapes, smooth surface without aggregations. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms, UV-vis absorption, fluorescence emission and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed showing the entrapment of the antitumoral in drug delivery system. CHB encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles decrease the survival rates of the breast cancer cells: 68.9% reduction of cell viability on MCF-7 cell line and 59.7% on NIH3T3. Our results indicated that polymeric nanoparticles produced by classical methods are efficient drug delivery systems for CHB.

KEYWORDS

Chlorambucil, PLGA, Nanoparticles, Cancer, MCF-7

Cite this paper

Dias, D. , Joanitti, G. , Azevedo, R. , Silva, L. , Lunardi, C. and Gomes, A. (2015) Chlorambucil Encapsulation into PLGA Nanoparticles and Cytotoxic Effects in Breast Cancer Cell. Journal of Biophysical Chemistry, 6, 1-13. doi: 10.4236/jbpc.2015.61001.

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12月 29, 2014

Colorectal Cancer Surgery in Extreme Elderly Population

Read full paper at:

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52682#.VKC8gcCAM4

Author(s)

Javier Gallego Plazas^1*, Elena Asensio¹, Juan C. Navalon², Inmaculada Lozano¹, Jose M. Navarro², Guillermo Ricote¹, Montse Olcina², Almudena Cotes¹, Henry M. Ore¹, Alejandra Magdaleno¹, Maria C. Ors¹, Maria J. Escudero¹, Miguel A. Morcillo²

Affiliation(s)

¹Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Elche-Hospital Vega Baja, Alicante, Espana.
²Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Vega Baja, Alicante, Espana.

ABSTRACT

Background: Colorectal cancer surgery in extreme elderly population (380 years) is a growing problem and a subject in question. Experiences and results in this scenario are limited. Methods: Medical records of patients 380 years old hospitalized in General Surgery Department in Vega Baja Hospital between January 1st 2008 and December 31st 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) were selected. Data regarding comorbidities, treatment performed, complications and survival were collected. Results: 95 patients (74 colon, 21 rectum) were identified: median age 83.0 years (80 – 93), 64.2% males. 93.7% of patients were operated on: median hospital and post-operative stay of 11 and 9 days, respectively; curative intention surgery 82.1%. 4.2% of patients were treated with interventionist procedures, and 2.1% of patients in a conservative way. 17.9% and 4.2% of patients came up with early and late complications, respectively. Early and late mortality occurred in 9.5% and 3.2% of patients, respectively. By March 2014, with a median follow up of 43.8 months, median overall survival for colorectal cancer patients was 2.7 years (95%IC, 2.0 – 3.2). Univariaye Cox Regresion analysis revealed the presence of cardiomyopathy (p = 0.024), the presence of chornic kidney disease (p = 0.025), the presence of comorbidities (vs absence) (0.026), the number of comorbidities (0.034), type of admission (p = 0.001), treatment with surgery (p = 0.001) and the incidence of early (p = 0.004) or late complications (p = 0.023) associated to overall survival with statically significance. Multivariate Cox Regression analysis showed number of comorbidities (HR = 1.104; 95%CI: 0.851 – 1.431; p = 0.456), treatment with surgery (HR = 4.928; 95%CI: 1.815 – 13.385; p = 0.002), programmed admission into hospital (HR = 2.316; 95%CI: 1.298 – 4.133; p = 0.004), and the incidence of late complications (HR = 4.629; 95%CI: 1.279 – 16.750; p = 0.020) independently associated with overall survival. Interaction test between number of comorbidities and early complication was performed (HR = 1.453; 95%CI: 0.971 – 2.175; p = 0.070). Conclusions: In our experience surgery for CRC patients may increase overall survival even in an extreme elderly population (380 years). Nevertheless when considering surgery for CRC in this subgroup of patients, factor such as type of admission into hospital and comorbidities should be taken into account in order to optimize treatment results in the effort to individualize CRC management in this growing population.

KEYWORDS

Colorectal, Cancer, Surgery, Elderly

Cite this paper

Plazas, J. , Asensio, E. , Navalon, J. , Lozano, I. , Navarro, J. , Ricote, G. , Olcina, M. , Cotes, A. , Ore, H. , Magdaleno, A. , Ors, M. , Escudero, M. and Morcillo, M. (2015) Colorectal Cancer Surgery in Extreme Elderly Population. Journal of Cancer Therapy, 6, 12-20. doi: 10.4236/jct.2015.61002.

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12月 9, 2014

The Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier and Metabolic Regulation

Read full paper at:

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52150#.VIZK0WfHRK0

Author(s)

Bor Luen Tang

Affiliation(s)

Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

ABSTRACT

Pyruvate is a key intermediate at the branchpoint of anaerobic and aerobic energy metabolism. Its transport into the mitochondrial matrix is necessary prior to its decarboxylation into acetyl-CoA, which feeds the reducing equivalent-generating tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Although the existence of specific carrier transport of cytosolic pyruvate into the mitochondria has been inferred from a myriad of studies, the identities of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) were only confirmed very recently. Identification of the MPC facilitated several other recent advances. These include the finding of MPC’s inhibition by the insulin-sensitizing drug family thiazolidinediones, how cells respond flexibly to a reduction in MPC functionality, as well as insights into how changes in MPC levels affect oncogenic potential of cancer cells. These new findings, discussed here in this brief review, have important implications in therapeutic approaches towards metabolic disorders and cancer.

KEYWORDS

Cancer, Energy Metabolism, Mitochodrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC), Pyruvate, Warburg Effect

Cite this paper

Tang, B. (2014) The Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier and Metabolic Regulation. CellBio, 3, 111-117. doi: 10.4236/cellbio.2014.34011.

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11月 10, 2014

Epidemiological and Histological Aspects of Women Genital Cancers in Côte d’Ivoire

Read full paper at:

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=47155#.VGAnI2fHRK0

Author(s)

Kouamé Justin N’Dah, Brahima Doukoure, Emile Troh, N’Guessan Alphonse Aman, Kouakou Emmanuel Koffi, Arthur Didier Kouamé, Ahoua Benjamin Effi, Ahoua François de Salès D’Horpock, Mohénou Isidore Jean-Marie Diomande

Affiliation(s)

ABSTRACT

Genital cancers in women play an important role in cancer pathology in the developing countries. Objectives: This study aimed at clarifying the epidemiological and histopathological aspects of woman genital cancers in C?te d’Ivoire. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective and descriptive study conducted in the anatomical pathology laboratories of the university hospitals in Abidjan. The study was carried out over a period of twenty-four years (1984-2007). The variables studied were: frequency, age, histological type and prognosis. Results: Genital cancers in women accounted for 41.28% (n = 2491) of cancer in women and 21% of cancers. The average age of patients was 46.65 years (range 2 – 88 years). The cervix (82.85%) was the main location followed by the ovary (8.6%). Histologically, carcinomas (92.93%) were the most common types of sarcomas. Cervical cancers were diagnosed at an average age of 47.36 years (range 2 to 88 years). Carcinomas were the predominant histological type (92.88%) with 57.4% (n = 450) diagnosed at pT2N0M0 stage. The average age of patients bearing ovarian cancer was 39.13 years (range 8 to 82 years).Common malignant epithelial tumours were the most common histological type (57.48%) (n = 123) followed by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (14.95%). Conclusion: Genital cancers in women are common and poorly prognosed in Cote d’Ivoire. The adoption of a policy of routine screening is needed to improve the prognosis of these tumours.

KEYWORDS

Cancer, Genital, Women, Epidemiology-Histology-Côte d’Ivoire

Cite this paper

N’Dah, K. , Doukoure, B. , Troh, E. , Aman, N. , Koffi, K. , Kouamé, A. , Effi, A. , D’Horpock, A. and Diomande, M. (2014) Epidemiological and Histological Aspects of Women Genital Cancers in Côte d’Ivoire. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4, 516-523. doi: 10.4236/ojog.2014.49073.

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